minstrel/internal/library/loudness.go

package library

import (
	"bufio"
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log/slog"
	"math"
	"os/exec"
	"regexp"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgtype"

	"git.fabledsword.com/bvandeusen/minstrel/internal/db/dbq"
)

// Loudness analysis (M464 #4995).
//
// Every track is measured with ffmpeg's EBU R128 filter, which reports the
// ITU-R BS.1770 values loudness normalization works from:
//
//	integrated loudness  the gated, K-weighted average loudness of the whole
//	                     track, in LUFS. A client levels a track by playing it
//	                     at (target - integrated) dB.
//	true peak            the highest inter-sample peak, in dBTP. It bounds how
//	                     far a quiet track can be raised before it clips.
//	loudness range       how much the loudness moves within the track.
//
// Tags are not trusted: ReplayGain values in the wild are written against four
// different reference levels, and most files have none.
//
// The filter also logs the loudness of every 400 ms gating block (one every
// 100 ms). Those are kept as a histogram, because an album's loudness is the
// gated loudness of every block on the album, not an average of its tracks'
// values. With the histograms stored, album loudness is exact and needs no
// second decode (#4996).

// loudnessVersion stamps how a track_loudness row was measured. Bump it when
// the measurement changes (the filter's options, the histogram's bins) and the
// backfill measures every row below it again.
const loudnessVersion int16 = 1

// Unlike a fingerprint, the analysis decodes the whole file, so a fixed
// deadline would either cut off a long mix or be useless for a three-minute
// song. The deadline is a base plus the track's length at loudnessMinSpeed:
// a decode slower than that is a stall, not a big file.
const (
	loudnessBaseTimeout = 2 * time.Minute
	loudnessMinSpeed    = 4
)

// errLoudnessTimeout marks an analysis that ran out of time: a fact about the
// mount, not about the file.
var errLoudnessTimeout = errors.New("loudness analysis timed out")

// The block histogram's bins: 0.1 LU wide (the precision ffmpeg prints) from
// the -70 LUFS absolute gate up to +10 LUFS. Blocks below the gate do not take
// part in gating at all, so they are not counted; anything above the top bin,
// which only clipped noise reaches, is counted in it.
const (
	loudnessHistFloor  = -70.0
	loudnessHistPerLU  = 10
	loudnessHistBins   = 800
	loudnessStderrTail = 20 // lines kept for an error message
)

// histogramCrossCheckLU is how far the loudness recomputed from the histogram
// may stray from ffmpeg's own figure before it is logged. They agree to a few
// hundredths when the log means what the parser assumes, so a larger gap says
// ffmpeg's output has changed underneath us.
const histogramCrossCheckLU = 0.3

// ebur128Args measures the file's first audio stream.
//
// peak=true asks for true peak (4x oversampled) rather than sample peak, which
// misses the inter-sample overs a boosted track would clip on. dualmono=true
// measures a mono file as if played on both speakers of a stereo pair, which is
// how it is heard; measured as one channel it would read 3 LU quiet and be
// boosted too far. framelog=info makes the per-block lines print at the log
// level asked for here, independent of ffmpeg's default.
func ebur128Args(path string) []string {
	return []string{
		"-hide_banner", "-nostdin", "-nostats",
		"-loglevel", "info",
		"-i", path,
		"-map", "0:a:0",
		"-af", "ebur128=peak=true:dualmono=true:framelog=info",
		"-f", "null", "-",
	}
}

// loudnessTimeout is the deadline for a track of durationMs. An unknown length
// (0) gets the base alone, which covers an ordinary song.
func loudnessTimeout(durationMs int32) time.Duration {
	return loudnessBaseTimeout + time.Duration(max(durationMs, 0))*time.Millisecond/loudnessMinSpeed
}

// loudnessResult is one attempt at measuring a track.
type loudnessResult struct {
	// integratedLUFS is nil when no block passed the gates: silence, or a
	// file shorter than one 400 ms block.
	integratedLUFS *float32
	truePeakDBTP   *float32
	rangeLU        *float32
	hist           blockHistogram
	err            error
}

// inconclusive reports whether the attempt failed for a reason that says
// nothing about the file. Such a result is never stored: stamped at the current
// version it would read as "this file cannot be measured", and the backfill
// would never try it again.
func (r loudnessResult) inconclusive() bool {
	return isInconclusive(r.err) || errors.Is(r.err, errLoudnessTimeout)
}

// blockHistogram counts gating blocks per 0.1 LU bin, trimmed to the occupied
// range: counts[i] is the number of blocks measuring
// loudnessHistFloor + (start+i)/loudnessHistPerLU LUFS.
type blockHistogram struct {
	start  int16
	counts []int32
}

func (h blockHistogram) empty() bool { return len(h.counts) == 0 }

// gatedLoudness applies BS.1770's two gates to the histogram and returns the
// integrated loudness of what passes. Every counted block is already above the
// absolute gate; the relative gate drops blocks more than 10 LU below the
// loudness of the blocks that passed it. ok is false when nothing passes.
//
// The same function measures an album, over the sum of its tracks'
// histograms (#4996).
func (h blockHistogram) gatedLoudness() (lufs float64, ok bool) {
	energy := func(i int) float64 {
		l := loudnessHistFloor + float64(int(h.start)+i)/loudnessHistPerLU
		return math.Pow(10, (l+0.691)/10)
	}
	mean := func(threshold float64) (float64, bool) {
		var sum, n float64
		for i, c := range h.counts {
			if c == 0 {
				continue
			}
			if loudnessHistFloor+float64(int(h.start)+i)/loudnessHistPerLU < threshold {
				continue
			}
			sum += float64(c) * energy(i)
			n += float64(c)
		}
		if n == 0 {
			return 0, false
		}
		return sum / n, true
	}
	ungated, ok := mean(math.Inf(-1))
	if !ok {
		return 0, false
	}
	relative := -0.691 + 10*math.Log10(ungated) - 10
	gated, ok := mean(relative)
	if !ok {
		return 0, false
	}
	return -0.691 + 10*math.Log10(gated), true
}

// computeLoudness measures the file at path. durationMs sets the deadline.
func computeLoudness(ctx context.Context, path string, durationMs int32) loudnessResult {
	timeout := loudnessTimeout(durationMs)
	runCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
	defer cancel()

	cmd := exec.CommandContext(runCtx, "ffmpeg", ebur128Args(path)...)
	cmd.WaitDelay = fingerprintWaitDelay
	stderr, err := cmd.StderrPipe()
	if err != nil {
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg: %w", err)}
	}
	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg: %w", err)}
	}
	// The per-block log runs to ten lines a second of audio, about 12 MB for a
	// two-hour mix, so it is parsed as it streams rather than buffered.
	p := newEbur128Parser()
	p.consume(stderr)
	waitErr := cmd.Wait()

	switch {
	case ctx.Err() != nil:
		// The caller gave up. Report that rather than the kill it caused, so it
		// is never mistaken for a verdict on the file.
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg: %w", ctx.Err())}
	case errors.Is(runCtx.Err(), context.DeadlineExceeded):
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg: no result within %s: %w", timeout, errLoudnessTimeout)}
	case waitErr != nil:
		var exitErr *exec.ExitError
		if errors.As(waitErr, &exitErr) {
			return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg exited %d: %s", exitErr.ExitCode(), p.tail())}
		}
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg: %w", waitErr)}
	}
	return p.result()
}

var (
	// A per-block line: "[Parsed_ebur128_0 @ 0x…] t: 2.49998  TARGET:-23 LUFS
	// M: -31.1 S:-120.7  I: -31.1 LUFS ...". M is the 400 ms block just ended.
	ebur128BlockRe = regexp.MustCompile(`\bt:\s*\S+\s+TARGET:.*?\bM:\s*(-?(?:\d+(?:\.\d+)?|inf))`)
	// The summary's values, each on a line of its own after "Summary:".
	ebur128SummaryRe = regexp.MustCompile(`^(I|LRA|Peak):\s+(-?(?:\d+(?:\.\d+)?|inf))\s+(?:LUFS|LU|dBFS)$`)
)

// ebur128Parser reads the filter's log: the per-block lines into the
// histogram, and the closing summary.
type ebur128Parser struct {
	bins      [loudnessHistBins]int32
	blocks    int
	inSummary bool
	summary   map[string]string
	lastLines []string
}

func newEbur128Parser() *ebur128Parser {
	return &ebur128Parser{summary: map[string]string{}}
}

func (p *ebur128Parser) consume(r io.Reader) {
	sc := bufio.NewScanner(r)
	sc.Buffer(make([]byte, 0, 4096), 64*1024)
	for sc.Scan() {
		p.line(sc.Text())
	}
	// A line past the buffer (not something ffmpeg prints) stops the scanner;
	// drain the rest so ffmpeg is never blocked writing to a full pipe.
	_, _ = io.Copy(io.Discard, r)
}

func (p *ebur128Parser) line(raw string) {
	line := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimRight(raw, "\r"))
	if line == "" {
		return
	}
	if len(p.lastLines) == loudnessStderrTail {
		p.lastLines = p.lastLines[1:]
	}
	p.lastLines = append(p.lastLines, line)

	if strings.HasSuffix(line, "Summary:") {
		p.inSummary = true
		return
	}
	if p.inSummary {
		if m := ebur128SummaryRe.FindStringSubmatch(line); m != nil {
			p.summary[m[1]] = m[2]
		}
		return
	}
	m := ebur128BlockRe.FindStringSubmatch(line)
	if m == nil {
		return
	}
	v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(m[1], 64)
	if err != nil || v < loudnessHistFloor {
		// -inf, or below the absolute gate: such a block takes no part in
		// gating.
		return
	}
	bin := int(math.Round((v - loudnessHistFloor) * loudnessHistPerLU))
	p.bins[min(bin, loudnessHistBins-1)]++
	p.blocks++
}

func (p *ebur128Parser) tail() string {
	return strings.Join(p.lastLines, " | ")
}

func (p *ebur128Parser) histogram() blockHistogram {
	if p.blocks == 0 {
		return blockHistogram{}
	}
	first, last := 0, loudnessHistBins-1
	for p.bins[first] == 0 {
		first++
	}
	for p.bins[last] == 0 {
		last--
	}
	counts := make([]int32, last-first+1)
	copy(counts, p.bins[first:last+1])
	return blockHistogram{start: int16(first), counts: counts}
}

// result turns a clean exit into a measurement. A run with no summary means
// ffmpeg decoded nothing it could measure, which is a verdict on the file.
func (p *ebur128Parser) result() loudnessResult {
	integrated, ok := p.summary["I"]
	if !ok {
		return loudnessResult{err: fmt.Errorf("ffmpeg printed no loudness summary: %s", p.tail())}
	}
	r := loudnessResult{
		hist:         p.histogram(),
		truePeakDBTP: parseLoudnessValue(p.summary["Peak"]),
		rangeLU:      parseLoudnessValue(p.summary["LRA"]),
	}
	// ffmpeg reports -70.0 when no block passed the gate. The empty histogram
	// says the same thing directly.
	if !r.hist.empty() {
		r.integratedLUFS = parseLoudnessValue(integrated)
	}
	if r.integratedLUFS == nil {
		r.rangeLU = nil
	}
	return r
}

// parseLoudnessValue reads one summary figure; -inf and anything unreadable
// come back nil.
func parseLoudnessValue(s string) *float32 {
	v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 32)
	if err != nil || math.IsInf(v, 0) || math.IsNaN(v) {
		return nil
	}
	f := float32(v)
	return &f
}

// loudnessOutcome is what storeLoudness did with one attempt.
type loudnessOutcome int

const (
	loudnessMeasured     loudnessOutcome = iota // integrated loudness stored
	loudnessSilent                              // read fine; no block above the gate
	loudnessUnreadable                          // ffmpeg could not decode the file
	loudnessInconclusive                        // nothing stored; worth trying again
	loudnessStoreFailed                         // the write itself failed
)

// storeLoudness records one attempt. It never fails its caller: an unmeasured
// track simply plays without a gain adjustment.
//
// An inconclusive attempt leaves any existing row alone. The scan deletes a
// row when its file changes, so a row still here describes these bytes, and a
// value from an older method is a better gain than none until it is redone.
func storeLoudness(
	ctx context.Context, q *dbq.Queries, logger *slog.Logger,
	trackID pgtype.UUID, path string, r loudnessResult,
) loudnessOutcome {
	if r.err != nil {
		logger.Warn("loudness: analysis failed", "path", path, "err", r.err)
		if r.inconclusive() {
			return loudnessInconclusive
		}
	}
	params := dbq.UpsertTrackLoudnessParams{
		TrackID:         trackID,
		Unreadable:      r.err != nil,
		AnalysisVersion: loudnessVersion,
	}
	outcome := loudnessUnreadable
	if r.err == nil {
		outcome = loudnessSilent
		params.IntegratedLufs = r.integratedLUFS
		params.TruePeakDbtp = r.truePeakDBTP
		params.LoudnessRangeLu = r.rangeLU
		if !r.hist.empty() {
			start := r.hist.start
			params.BlockHistStart = &start
			params.BlockHist = r.hist.counts
		}
		if r.integratedLUFS != nil {
			outcome = loudnessMeasured
			if got, ok := r.hist.gatedLoudness(); ok && math.Abs(got-float64(*r.integratedLUFS)) > histogramCrossCheckLU {
				// Stored regardless: ffmpeg's own figure is the track's
				// loudness. But album loudness is computed from the
				// histogram, and this says it would be wrong.
				logger.Warn("loudness: block histogram disagrees with ffmpeg's integrated loudness",
					"path", path, "ffmpeg_lufs", *r.integratedLUFS, "histogram_lufs", got)
			}
		}
	}
	if err := q.UpsertTrackLoudness(ctx, params); err != nil {
		logger.Warn("loudness: storing measurement failed", "path", path, "err", err)
		return loudnessStoreFailed
	}
	return outcome
}