diff --git a/src/scribe/services/dedup.py b/src/scribe/services/dedup.py
index bef0c42..eef78be 100644
--- a/src/scribe/services/dedup.py
+++ b/src/scribe/services/dedup.py
@@ -281,6 +281,12 @@ async def find_duplicate_note(
             # would refuse their write and point them at something they may not
             # be able to edit.
             scope="own",
+            # NOT demoted by supersession (#278). A superseded record is still a
+            # duplicate of what you are about to write — the claim is that it is
+            # no longer CURRENT, not that it is gone. Demoting it here would let
+            # the same note be recorded a second time, and the second copy would
+            # be the one nothing warns about.
+            demote_superseded=False,
         )
         for score, note in hits:
             # semantic_search_notes doesn't filter note_type — enforce it here so
diff --git a/src/scribe/services/embeddings.py b/src/scribe/services/embeddings.py
index 7161a73..de20b09 100644
--- a/src/scribe/services/embeddings.py
+++ b/src/scribe/services/embeddings.py
@@ -86,6 +86,69 @@ def _cosine_similarity(a: list[float], b: list[float]) -> float:
     return dot / (mag_a * mag_b)
 
 
+# How much a superseded record is pushed down the ranking (#278).
+#
+# Chosen against a measurement, not by feel. On 2026-08-07 dev-log #2420 sat at
+# 0.6120 on a query made of its own title phrase, 8th, behind #1759 at 0.6506 —
+# a deficit of 0.039 to the top and ~0.014 to its nearest neighbours. A penalty
+# of 0.05 clears that whole band, so demoting a cluster's stale members actually
+# reorders it rather than shuffling within a tie.
+#
+# It is deliberately NOT large. Supersession is a claim about SOME of a record's
+# content, so a superseded note that strongly answers a question nothing else
+# answers should still surface — just behind anything comparable that is
+# current. A penalty big enough to bury it outright would be hiding by another
+# name, which is the thing the operator ruled out.
+_SUPERSESSION_PENALTY = 0.05
+
+# Candidates fetched per requested result when a re-rank follows. Three ranks of
+# headroom is far more than a 0.05 penalty can move anything through in a corpus
+# whose neighbours sit ~0.01-0.02 apart.
+_SUPERSESSION_OVERFETCH = 3
+
+
+async def _apply_supersession_penalty(
+    scored: list[tuple[float, "Note"]], limit: int
+) -> list[tuple[float, "Note"]]:
+    """Push superseded records below their equals, then take the top `limit`.
+
+    The penalty is applied to the RANKING score and the returned score, so
+    downstream gates see the adjusted value — the auto-inject margin band in
+    particular, which exists to stop near-ties dragging in neighbours and would
+    otherwise re-tie exactly what this just separated.
+
+    It is NOT applied to the relevance threshold: the floor decides whether a
+    record is relevant at all, the penalty decides which relevant record comes
+    first. Applying it to the floor would drop a superseded record out of the
+    results entirely — hiding, which is the one thing this must not do.
+
+    Stable within a tie: Python's sort preserves the distance order the database
+    already established, so equal-scoring records keep their original sequence
+    rather than reshuffling per call.
+    """
+    if not scored:
+        return []
+    from scribe.services.supersession import superseded_ids
+
+    try:
+        stale = await superseded_ids([int(note.id) for _score, note in scored])
+    except Exception:
+        # Fail OPEN, and the direction matters: ranking without the penalty is
+        # the behaviour that shipped for months. Returning nothing, or raising,
+        # would turn a supersession-lookup hiccup into a broken search.
+        logger.warning("Supersession lookup failed — ranking unpenalised", exc_info=True)
+        return scored[:limit]
+
+    if not stale:
+        return scored[:limit]
+    adjusted = [
+        (score - _SUPERSESSION_PENALTY if int(note.id) in stale else score, note)
+        for score, note in scored
+    ]
+    adjusted.sort(key=lambda pair: pair[0], reverse=True)
+    return adjusted[:limit]
+
+
 def embedding_text(title: str | None, body: str | None) -> str:
     """The document a record is embedded AS.
 
@@ -145,6 +208,7 @@ async def semantic_search_notes(
     task_kind: str | Sequence[str] | None = None,
     orphan_only: bool = False,
     scope: str = "own",
+    demote_superseded: bool = True,
 ) -> list[tuple[float, Note]]:
     """Return up to *limit* (score, note) pairs most relevant to *query*.
 
@@ -176,6 +240,13 @@ async def semantic_search_notes(
     so a similarity floor of *threshold* is a distance ceiling of
     ``1 - threshold`` and similarity is recovered as ``1 - distance``.
 
+    `demote_superseded` applies the supersession penalty (#278): a record a
+    later note claims to have overtaken ranks below its equals. Callers asking
+    "what is the current answer" want it; the near-duplicate gate does NOT, and
+    passes False — a superseded record is still a duplicate of what you are
+    about to write, and demoting it there would let the same note be recorded
+    twice, the second time invisibly.
+
     Returns an empty list if the embedder is unavailable or on any error.
     """
     if not query or not query.strip():
@@ -232,14 +303,38 @@ async def semantic_search_notes(
                 )
             if exclude_ids:
                 stmt = stmt.where(NoteEmbedding.note_id.notin_(exclude_ids))
-            stmt = stmt.where(distance <= max_distance).order_by(distance.asc()).limit(limit)
+            # OVER-FETCH when a re-rank follows, so the demotion can actually
+            # move something. Demoting after a LIMIT k would be theatre: the cut
+            # already happened, so a superseded record pushed down still sits in
+            # the results and the live record that should have replaced it was
+            # never fetched.
+            #
+            # Ordering stays on RAW distance so pgvector's HNSW index still
+            # serves it (migration 0067). Ordering by `distance + penalty`
+            # instead would be exact, and would turn an indexed top-k into a
+            # scan-and-sort of every embedded note.
+            #
+            # The cost of that trade, stated plainly: a live record outside the
+            # over-fetch window cannot be promoted into the results. With a
+            # penalty far smaller than the window's score spread, that case
+            # needs the true answer to be more than _SUPERSESSION_OVERFETCH
+            # ranks down, which no observed query comes close to.
+            fetch = limit * _SUPERSESSION_OVERFETCH if demote_superseded else limit
+            stmt = (
+                stmt.where(distance <= max_distance)
+                .order_by(distance.asc())
+                .limit(fetch)
+            )
             rows = list((await session.execute(stmt)).all())
     except Exception:
         logger.warning("Failed to query note embeddings", exc_info=True)
         return []
 
     # Recover similarity (1 - distance) and preserve the highest-first contract.
-    return [(1.0 - float(dist), note) for note, dist in rows]
+    scored = [(1.0 - float(dist), note) for note, dist in rows]
+    if not demote_superseded:
+        return scored[:limit]
+    return await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit)
 
 
 async def backfill_note_embeddings() -> None:
diff --git a/src/scribe/services/plugin_context.py b/src/scribe/services/plugin_context.py
index 192c3b8..39a8537 100644
--- a/src/scribe/services/plugin_context.py
+++ b/src/scribe/services/plugin_context.py
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ from scribe.services import snippets as snippets_svc
 from scribe.services.access import label_shared_items, owner_names_for
 from scribe.services.embeddings import semantic_search_notes
 from scribe.services.note_usage import record_surfaced
+from scribe.services.supersession import superseded_ids
 from scribe.services.retrieval_telemetry import record_retrieval
 from scribe.services.settings import get_setting
 
@@ -425,11 +426,19 @@ async def build_autoinject_hint(
         "`get_note(id)`, or `get_snippet` / `get_process` for those kinds "
         "(titles only; injected once per session):",
     ]
+    # A superseded record is DEMOTED, not removed (#278) — so one can still reach
+    # this menu, and when it does the reader has to be told. An agent handed
+    # stale material with nothing marking it acts on it with full confidence,
+    # which is worse than never having surfaced it. One query for the whole menu.
+    stale = await superseded_ids([int(n.id) for _s, n in kept])
+
     note_ids: list[int] = []
     for score, note in kept:
         note_ids.append(int(note.id))
         title = (note.title or "(untitled)").replace("\n", " ").strip()
         line = f"> - #{note.id} [{_record_kind(note)}] \"{title}\" ({score:.2f})"
+        if int(note.id) in stale:
+            line += " — SUPERSEDED, a later record covers this; check that first"
         if note.user_id != user_id:
             who = owners.get(int(note.user_id)) or "another user"
             line += f" — shared by {who}, treat as a suggestion"
diff --git a/tests/test_supersession_ranking.py b/tests/test_supersession_ranking.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..23cd778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_supersession_ranking.py
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+"""Demotion: superseded records rank behind their equals, and are never hidden.
+
+Step 3 of #278. The distinction these tests exist to protect is DEMOTE vs
+FILTER. The operator was explicit:
+
+    "the failure is pollution, not existence"
+
+Hiding a superseded record would turn every one of them into something you must
+already know exists in order to find, and would destroy "what did we think
+then" — half the reason a log is kept. So every test here that could be
+satisfied by dropping a record instead checks that it is still present.
+"""
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from scribe.services.embeddings import (
+    _SUPERSESSION_PENALTY,
+    _apply_supersession_penalty,
+)
+
+
+def _note(note_id: int):
+    n = MagicMock()
+    n.id = note_id
+    return n
+
+
+def _stale(*ids):
+    return patch(
+        "scribe.services.supersession.superseded_ids",
+        AsyncMock(return_value=set(ids)),
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_a_superseded_record_falls_behind_an_equal_live_one():
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.69, _note(2))]      # 1 leads on raw score
+    with _stale(1):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [2, 1]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_a_strong_superseded_record_still_beats_a_weak_live_one():
+    """Demote, not filter — and this is why the penalty is small.
+
+    Supersession is a claim about SOME of a record's content. One that strongly
+    answers a question nothing else answers should still surface, just behind
+    anything comparable that is current.
+    """
+    scored = [(0.90, _note(1)), (0.50, _note(2))]
+    with _stale(1):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [1, 2]
+    assert out[0][0] == pytest.approx(0.90 - _SUPERSESSION_PENALTY)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_the_superseded_record_is_still_returned():
+    """The whole point. A test that only checked ordering would pass just as
+    happily against an implementation that dropped it."""
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1))]
+    with _stale(1):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [1]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_the_returned_score_is_the_adjusted_one():
+    """Downstream gates must see the adjusted value — the auto-inject margin
+    band in particular, which exists to stop near-ties dragging in neighbours
+    and would otherwise re-tie exactly what this just separated."""
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.68, _note(2))]
+    with _stale(1):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    by_id = {int(n.id): s for s, n in out}
+    assert by_id[1] == pytest.approx(0.65)
+    assert by_id[2] == pytest.approx(0.68)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_nothing_superseded_leaves_the_order_untouched():
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.69, _note(2)), (0.60, _note(3))]
+    with _stale():
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_ties_keep_their_database_order():
+    """Stable sort. Equal scores must not reshuffle per call — a menu that
+    reorders between identical queries reads as nondeterminism and sends
+    someone hunting for a bug that isn't there."""
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.70, _note(2)), (0.70, _note(3))]
+    with _stale():
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [1, 2, 3]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_the_limit_is_applied_after_reordering():
+    """Over-fetching is pointless if the cut happens first. Three candidates,
+    limit 2, and the demoted leader must be the one that falls out."""
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.69, _note(2)), (0.68, _note(3))]
+    with _stale(1):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=2)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [2, 3]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_a_failed_lookup_returns_unpenalised_results_not_none():
+    """Fail OPEN, and the direction matters. Ranking without the penalty is the
+    behaviour that shipped for months; returning nothing would turn a
+    supersession hiccup into a broken search."""
+    scored = [(0.70, _note(1)), (0.69, _note(2))]
+    with patch("scribe.services.supersession.superseded_ids",
+               AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db gone"))):
+        out = await _apply_supersession_penalty(scored, limit=5)
+    assert [int(n.id) for _s, n in out] == [1, 2]
+    assert out[0][0] == pytest.approx(0.70)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_an_empty_candidate_set_short_circuits():
+    """No candidates means no lookup — this runs on every ranked query, and a
+    round trip to learn nothing is a round trip too many."""
+    called = AsyncMock(return_value=set())
+    with patch("scribe.services.supersession.superseded_ids", called):
+        assert await _apply_supersession_penalty([], limit=5) == []
+    called.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+def test_the_penalty_is_sized_to_reorder_a_cluster_not_shuffle_within_it():
+    """Sized against a measurement, not by feel.
+
+    Measured 2026-08-07 (#2486): the notes competing on a dev-log's own title
+    phrase sat within ~0.014 of each other, spanning 0.6506 down to 0.6120. A
+    penalty smaller than that spread would move a record within a tie without
+    changing which one wins — the failure #2486 already proved cannot be tuned
+    away, because the neighbours are not barely passing, they are tied.
+
+    The upper bound is the operator's constraint, not an optimisation: a penalty
+    large enough to bury a superseded record outright is hiding by another name.
+    """
+    assert _SUPERSESSION_PENALTY > 0.014, (
+        "must exceed the measured neighbour spread, or it reorders nothing"
+    )
+    assert _SUPERSESSION_PENALTY < 0.15, (
+        "must not bury a superseded record outright — that is hiding, which "
+        "the operator ruled out"
+    )