diff --git a/src/scribe/mcp/server.py b/src/scribe/mcp/server.py
index 79ef5416..dc1ce5ca 100644
--- a/src/scribe/mcp/server.py
+++ b/src/scribe/mcp/server.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import difflib
 
 from mcp.server.mcpserver import MCPServer
-from mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions import ToolError
+from mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions import ToolError, UnexpectedToolError
 from mcp.server.transport_security import TransportSecuritySettings
 from quart import Quart
 
@@ -282,9 +282,10 @@ class StrictArgsMCPServer(MCPServer):
     declared cannot have been meant to be dropped.
     """
 
-    # ToolError, not ValueError: the SDK returns either one's text to the
-    # caller as an error result, but logs anything that is not a ToolError as
-    # an unexpected crash. A misnamed argument is the caller's mistake.
+    # ToolError, not ValueError: since SDK 2.x only a ToolError's text reaches
+    # the caller. Anything else is wrapped as UnexpectedToolError("Error
+    # executing tool X") and its message stays on the server. A misnamed
+    # argument is the caller's mistake, and the caller needs to read why.
     async def call_tool(self, name, arguments, context=None):
         try:
             tool = self._tool_manager.get_tool(name)
@@ -304,7 +305,17 @@ class StrictArgsMCPServer(MCPServer):
                     f"It accepts: {', '.join(sorted(declared))}. Nothing was "
                     "created or changed — retry with the declared names."
                 )
-        return await super().call_tool(name, arguments, context)
+        try:
+            return await super().call_tool(name, arguments, context)
+        except UnexpectedToolError as exc:
+            # ValueError is how every Scribe tool refuses (#4794): what was
+            # refused, why, and what to do instead, written for the agent.
+            # SDK 2.x masks it like a crash, so the agent got a failure with
+            # no reason and could only retry blind. Other exceptions ARE
+            # crashes; their text can carry internals and stays masked.
+            if isinstance(exc.__cause__, ValueError):
+                raise ToolError(f"{exc}: {exc.__cause__}") from exc.__cause__
+            raise
 
 
 def build_mcp_server() -> MCPServer:
diff --git a/tests/test_mcp_strict_args.py b/tests/test_mcp_strict_args.py
index f68e86c1..cff86143 100644
--- a/tests/test_mcp_strict_args.py
+++ b/tests/test_mcp_strict_args.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ call carrying arguments the tool does not declare, with a did-you-mean when
 one is close. An error the caller sees once beats data half-written forever.
 """
 import pytest
-from mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions import ToolError
+from mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions import ToolError, UnexpectedToolError
 
 from scribe.mcp.server import StrictArgsMCPServer
 
@@ -59,6 +59,58 @@ async def test_unknown_tool_keeps_the_upstream_error():
     assert "no_such_tool" in str(exc.value)
 
 
+# --- a refusal's text reaches the agent (#4794) -------------------------------
+#
+# SDK 2.x passes on only a ToolError's text; anything else is wrapped as
+# "Error executing tool X" and its message is kept on the server. ValueError is
+# how every Scribe tool refuses, so for weeks every refusal arrived bare.
+
+
+def _raising_server() -> StrictArgsMCPServer:
+    mcp = StrictArgsMCPServer("refusal-test")
+
+    @mcp.tool()
+    def refuse() -> str:
+        raise ValueError("record 7 is not yours to change — open your own copy")
+
+    @mcp.tool()
+    def crash() -> str:
+        raise RuntimeError("password=hunter2 at db.internal:5432")
+
+    return mcp
+
+
+async def test_a_refusal_reaches_the_caller_with_its_reason():
+    mcp = _raising_server()
+    with pytest.raises(ToolError) as exc:
+        await mcp.call_tool("refuse", {})
+    msg = str(exc.value)
+    assert "Error executing tool refuse" in msg
+    assert "record 7 is not yours to change — open your own copy" in msg
+    assert not isinstance(exc.value, UnexpectedToolError), (
+        "still typed as a crash, so the SDK's handler would log it as one")
+
+
+async def test_a_crash_stays_masked():
+    """Only the refusal convention is unmasked: a crash's text can carry
+    internals, and the SDK hides it for that reason."""
+    mcp = _raising_server()
+    with pytest.raises(UnexpectedToolError) as exc:
+        await mcp.call_tool("crash", {})
+    assert "hunter2" not in str(exc.value)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures("_bind_user")
+async def test_a_real_tools_refusal_reaches_the_caller():
+    """Against the real server, on a refusal that needs no database: the
+    message judge_menu writes for an empty verdict list."""
+    from scribe.mcp.server import build_mcp_server
+
+    with pytest.raises(ToolError) as exc:
+        await build_mcp_server().call_tool("judge_menu", {"log_id": 1, "verdicts": []})
+    assert "at least one verdict" in str(exc.value)
+
+
 async def test_the_original_regression_create_note_with_content():
     """Pin #2709 itself against the REAL server: `content=` on create_note
     must raise before dispatch — naming the bad argument and listing `body`