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Milestone 362 step 1, closing #3265's root cause. The weekly base refresh rewrote all three `:latest` tags on 2026-08-30 with nothing changed in any of them. Not a cache miss — run 4934's log shows every content step CACHED and both bases resolved to unchanged pinned digests. buildkit stamps the image config with the wall clock of the build, so identical layers get republished under a new config blob and therefore a new manifest digest. The cost is not storage, it is meaning: `:latest` moved on a calendar, so a digest change stopped being evidence that anything was different. That is the one thing a digest is any use for, and it is load-bearing here — the reuse check, the `:c-<sha>` rollback story and any future redeploy signal all rest on it. SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH normalises `created` and the history timestamps, so the same source produces the same config bytes and the same digest, and pushing it is a registry no-op. The value is routed through artifacts.sh's existing `newest()` rather than taken from git separately. `revision`, `version` and now `epoch` are three fields of ONE lookup, so they cannot drift into naming different commits — a divergence that would stamp an image reproducibly against one commit while it reported being another, with both values looking perfectly well-formed. Note #3127 §2 is the record of what a second clock costs; this adds a view, not a clock. Also corrected: the build step comment and ci-requirements.md both described the churn as current behaviour with the fix as a "likely" future. They now describe what the file does. Tests pin the property the fix depends on, not the fix: epoch is the same commit version names, in both renderings including the extension's unpadded one, and it does not move between two calls on one checkout. A future refactor that gave epoch its own `git log` would pass every other test in that file. Not yet verified end to end — proving it needs two consecutive refreshes to land on the same digest, which is the next thing, and is the step #3265 exists because nobody did last time. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01TTjbZZ6JirCMSaJzQV1RhA